Analysis of Factors That Influence Elementary School Students' Difficulties in Learning Basic PKn Concepts

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing students' difficulties in learning the basic concepts of Civics Education (PKN) through a literature review method. Data were collected from various journals, articles, and relevant documents discussing difficulties in learning Civics at the elementary school level. The analysis results indicate that difficulties in learning Civics are influenced by two main groups of factors: internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include psychological aspects such as low interest, motivation, concentration, and cognitive abilities, as well as ineffective study habits. Meanwhile, external factors originate from the school and family environment, such as less varied and innovative teaching methods, the lack of use of engaging learning media, minimal parental supervision, and the influence of the social environment and mass media. This study recommends the implementation of innovative learning models, the use of interactive learning media, and increasing the role of parents and teachers in supporting students' learning process to minimize difficulties in understanding the basic concepts of civics.